Archive for category: Cannabis Business

President Trump’s execution on December 18, 2025 of an Executive Order Increasing Medical Marijuana and Cannabidoil Research to remove cannabis from a Schedule I classification to a Schedule III classification should result in cannabis businesses with IRS debt to pursue discounted settlements under the IRS Offer In Compromise program.

What Is An Offer In Compromise?

An Offer In Compromise is an agreement between a taxpayer and the IRS to settle a tax debt for less than the full amount owed. Generally, it may be an option for taxpayers who can’t pay their full tax debt, or if doing so would create a financial hardship. The IRS considers the taxpayer’s overall financial circumstances when considering an Offer In Compromise in an effort to administratively resolve the amount due.

Taxpayers who want to avail themselves of the IRS Offer In Compromise program file a formal application, in which they propose to pay less than their total obligation amount (taxes, interest and any associated penalties). That much is straightforward. But as another adage goes: “the devil is in the details,” and that is where many taxpayers head in the wrong direction, and make an already challenging and stressful financial situation exponentially worse.

Why Cannabis Businesses Could Not Previously Qualify For An Offer In Compromise?

The IRS generally approves an Offer In Compromise when the amount you offer represents the most IRS can expect to collect within a reasonable period of time, but if you are a cannabis business with outstanding IRS liabilities, the IRS had followed a more restrictive approach.

IRC Section 280E disallows any deduction or credit of amounts paid or incurred in carrying on any trade or business of trafficking in controlled substances. The Internal Revenue Manual requires expenses that would be disallowed by IRC Section 280E to be disregarded when the IRS is calculating a taxpayer’s reasonable collection potential for an Offer In Compromise.  Cannabis businesses have been subject to IRC Section 280E.

Such a concept on December 16, 2025 was affirmed by the U.S. Tax Court when it issued its opinion in Mission Organic Center Inc. v. Commissioner Of Internal Revenue, 165 T.C. 13 (2025), sustaining the IRS’ denial of this cannabis dispensary to pursue an Offer In Compromise.  In calculating the amount of its offer, the taxpayer reduced its future income by expenses that would not be deductible for tax purposes. The IRS revenue officer disregarded such expenses when calculating the taxpayer’s reasonable collection potential.

What A Difference Just Two Days Later With The Issuance Of President Trump’s December 18, 2025 Executive Order

On December 18, 2025, President Trump issued an Executive Order Increasing Medical Marijuana and Cannabidoil Research. President Trump’s executive order shifts cannabis from Schedule I to Schedule III, easing research, tax restrictions and marking the biggest federal cannabis policy change in decades. Under such order, the Attorney General shall take all necessary steps to complete the rulemaking process related to rescheduling marijuana to Schedule III of the CSA in the most expeditious manner in accordance with Federal law, including 21 U.S.C. 811.

Under this framework, cannabis is removed from a Schedule I classification — the most restrictive category under the Controlled Substances Act, alongside heroin and LSD — to a Schedule III classification, which encompasses substances with accepted medical use and a lower potential for abuse, such as ketamine and Tylenol with codeine.

Keep in mind that the Executive Order directs the Attorney General to officially remove cannabis from Schedule I so until this is accomplished the IRS could continue to enforce IRC Section 280E as it has historically done.  The IRS has also indicated so far that it will not allow retroactive application of the rescheduling to prior years, thus creating much uncertainty that amended tax returns attempting to deduct operating expenses will be accepted by the IRS.

However, what is clearer is that for the future (starting with tax year 2026), cannabis businesses should be able to deduct such operating expenses and that such operating expenses should be factored in to determine reasonable collection potential to settle pre-2026 IRS debt.

It All Comes Down To Reducing Your Past IRS Debt

There is a school of thought that the issuance of this Executive Order could be construed as an affirmation that cannabis does not “fit the meaning” of a Schedule I substance; and therefore, cannabis should never have been treated as such under the Controlled Substances Act to begin with.  This theory has yet to be tested in the Courts but given the effect of the Executive Order that supports the viability of cannabis businesses to pursue an Offer In Compromise to settle past IRS debt, we have been recommending cannabis businesses pursue the Offer In Compromise approach.  Another advantage of an Offer In Compromise over amending past year tax returns is that while the Offer In Compromise is being considered by IRS, the IRS cannot enforce collection action.  That puts a pause on levies, garnishments and tax liens.  Additionally, there is a right to an administrative appeal where a taxpayer and the IRS cannot come to an agreement on an Offer In Compromise.

Here are the four biggest myths on pursuing an Offer In Compromise –

1. IRS Offer In Compromise Myth: Taxpayers only need to petition the Federal government to take advantage of the program.

The Facts: Many States have Offer In Compromise programs, and each has its own qualifying standards. Taxpayers who owe money to both the IRS and their respective State tax agency must coordinate the filings in order to facilitate a mutually acceptable resolution. Just dealing with the IRS is not enough, and the IRS is under no obligation (and will not) reach out to their State-level counterparts. The onus to do this is completely on each taxpayer.

2. IRS Offer In Compromise Myth: Filling out the proper forms is time consuming, but does not require expertise.

The Facts: The vast majority of taxpayers do not have requisite knowledge of the IRS collection process for their petition to be successful, regardless of how much time they allocate to their application. While the lists of common errors is long, among the most frequent are: overstating assets and income (and therefore offering the IRS too much); failing to submit the proper application fee and a deposit for the amount offered; and failing to include proper financial disclosure. And if you are still not convinced: the Federal government’s own figures show that 75% of applications are returned due to forms being filled out incorrectly, and of the 25% that are processed, approximately 50% are rejected.

3. IRS Offer In Compromise Myth: Third-party firms and consultants can help you settle your debt and enjoy a “big discount.”

The Facts: This is false advertising at its worst, since the consequences here can be life-altering. These firms and consultants have no idea what your tax situation is like, and therefore cannot even promise that the IRS will accept your petition, let alone allow you to enjoy a “big discount.” Only a qualified and experienced professional who has analyzed your specific financial details, and who knows the IRS rules and guidelines inside and out (including material that is not easily available to the public — or comprehensible even when it is) can determine your eligibility for an Offer In Compromise.

4. IRS Offer In Compromise Myth: If you owe money to the IRS, then you submit an application right away to stop collection action or interest while your case is being reviewed.

The Facts: Before the IRS will even consider your application, they will check to see where you are current with all filing requirements. If anything is overdue, or if you are in an open bankruptcy proceeding, then your application will be returned to you.

The Bottom Line

The IRS Offer In Compromise program has the potential to be substantially beneficial for qualifying taxpayers who (and this is the most critical part) complete and submit their application properly, completely and effectively. The IRS assesses applications on a case-by-case basis, and the more boxes you check, the more likely you are to be granted financial relief. Conversely, if you get trapped by any of the myths above — or dozens of others that endure — not only will your application be rejected and returned, but your debt will continue piling up by the day.

What Should You Do?

The tax attorneys at the Law Offices Of Jeffrey B. Kahn, P.C. located in Orange County (Irvine), Los Angeles and elsewhere in California are highly skilled in handling tax matters and can effectively represent at all levels with the IRS and State Tax Agencies including criminal tax investigations and attempted prosecutions, undisclosed foreign bank accounts and other foreign assets, and unreported foreign income. We understand the cannabis industry and having a cannabis tax attorney on your side can make the difference in getting the tax relief you deserve.  Also, if you are involved in crypto currency, check out what a Bitcoin Tax Attorney can do for you.

The U.S. Tax Court’s recent decision in Ayla A. Savage v. Commissioner (165 T.C. No. 5, September 11, 2025) delivers a setback to cannabis businesses, by shutting them out of tax benefits available to other industries. The Tax Court’s ruling demonstrates how Section 280E’s restrictions limits cannabis operators’ access to newer tax advantages.

Internal Revenue Code Section 280E disallows all deductions or credits for any amount paid or incurred in carrying on any trade or business that consists of illegally trafficking in a Schedule I or II controlled substance within the meaning of the federal Controlled Substances Act.  This applies to businesses that sell cannabis, even if they operate in states that have legalized the sale of cannabis. Section 280E does not, however, prohibit a participant in the cannabis industry from reducing its gross receipts by its properly calculated cost of goods sold to determine its gross income.

In Savage, the Tax Court considered whether cannabis businesses can use their total W-2 wages, including wages that aren’t deductible under Section 280E, to calculate their qualified business income (QBI) deduction under Section 199A. This deduction allows eligible taxpayers to deduct up to 20% of their qualified business income, subject to various limitations including a cap based on W-2 wages paid. The taxpayers who are shareholders in three S corporations (two cannabis-related), argued they should be able to use all wages reported on W-2 forms when calculating their Section 199A wage limitation, even though Section 280E prevented them from deducting many of these wages for income tax purposes.

The Tax Court disagreed and ruled that only wages deductible after applying Section 280E can count toward the Section 199A calculation. The Tax Court relied and cited Section 199A (b)(4)(B), which states, “Section 199A(b)(4)(B) states that “W-2 wages” for purposes of the QBI deduction cannot include amounts that are “not properly allocable to qualified business income.” The Tax Court found that qualified business income is defined as the net amount of qualified items of income, gain, deduction, and loss; qualified items must be “included or allowed in determining taxable income; wages disallowed under Section 280E cannot be “qualified items” and therefore cannot be part of qualified business income; and non-qualifying wages cannot be “properly allocable” to qualified business income.

Planning Around The Limitations Of Section 280E.

 

With the limitations of Section 280E not going anywhere it is important for Cannabis businesses to consider careful entity structuring to separate business activities that might qualify for different treatment. Also, it is necessary to keep detailed record-keeping to maximize any wages that can be properly allocated to non-280E activities.

Further ways to possibly get around the Section 280E limitations would be to include the cost of goods sold with indirect expenses.

For cultivators and producers: These businesses have the most flexibility. Under the “full absorption” method of accounting, they can capitalize many indirect production costs into inventory. These costs are then recognized as cost of goods sold when the product is sold. Examples include:

• Wages and salaries of employees involved in production, supervision, quality control, and inspection.
• Rent and utilities for the cultivation and manufacturing facilities.
• Repairs and maintenance of production equipment.

For dispensaries and retailers: These businesses face much tighter restrictions and are generally limited to including the direct cost of acquiring the product. In a retail environment, most operating expenses like rent, advertising, and sales salaries are not considered part of cost of goods sold and remain nondeductible under Section 280E.

Possible Legislative Or Executive Changes In The Application Of Section 280E

The Associated Press reported on April 30, 2024 that the Drug Enforcement Administration (“DEA”) will propose a rule to reschedule cannabis to Schedule III under the Controlled Substance Act. The proposed rule has since been reviewed by the Department Of Justice and on May 16, 2024 has been published in the Federal Register. Next the DEA will take public comment on the plan to move cannabis from its current classification as a Schedule I drug, alongside heroin and LSD. It moves pot to Schedule III, alongside ketamine and some anabolic steroids, following a recommendation from the federal Health and Human Services Department. After the public comment period and a review by an administrative judge, the agency would eventually publish the final rule in the Federal Register.

The IRS announced on June 28, 2024 that until a final federal rule is published, cannabis remains a Schedule I controlled substance and is subject to the limitations of Internal Revenue Code.  The law with respect to the schedule or classification of cannabis has not changed; therefore, taxpayers seeking a refund of taxes paid related to Internal Revenue Code Section 280E by filing amended returns are not entitled to a refund or payment.

Although the law has not changed, the IRS says that some taxpayers are filing amended returns. The IRS also says that while the grounds for filing such claims vary, these claims are not valid. The IRS says it will be taking steps to address these claims.

The Growing Trend In Legalizing Cannabis – Current Standings:

Medical cannabis is legal in 39 states.

The medical use of cannabis is legal (with a doctor’s recommendation) in 39 states and Washington DC. Those 39 states being Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington and West Virginia. The medical use of cannabis is also legal in the territories of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam and Puerto Rico.

Recreational cannabis is legal in 23 states and Washington DC.

Twenty-three states and Washington DC, have legalized cannabis for recreational use — no doctor’s letter required — for adults over the age of 21. Those 23 states being Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia and Washington and the territories of the Northern Mariana Islands and Guam.

Recreational cannabis is legal in 6 tribal nations.

Six Tribal nations have legalized cannabis for recreational use.  Those 6 tribes being the Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe (South Dakota), Oglala Lakota Sioux Tribe (South Dakota), Suquamish Tribe (Washington state), Squaxin Island Tribe (Washington State), Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (North Carolina) and St. Regis Mohawk Tribe (New York).

The New Rule If Approved Will Result In A Tax Regime Similar To What Non-Cannabis Businesses Face.

Currently, under Federal law (Controlled Substances Act 21 U.S.C. 801) cannabis is designated as a Schedule I controlled substance due to the historical belief that it has a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use in treatment, and lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision.

Generally, businesses can deduct ordinary and necessary business expenses under I.R.C. §162. This includes wages, rent, supplies, etc. However, in 1982 Congress added I.R.C. §280E. Under §280E, taxpayers cannot deduct any amount for a trade or business where the trade or business consists of trafficking in controlled substances…which is currently prohibited by Federal law. Cannabis, including medical cannabis, is a controlled substance. What this means is that dispensaries and other businesses trafficking in cannabis have to report all of their income and cannot deduct rent, wages, and other expenses, making their marginal tax rate substantially higher than most other businesses.  Therefore, under current law, the Internal Revenue Code which treats businesses in the cannabis industry differently resulting in such business paying at least 3-times as much in taxes as ordinary businesses.

The New Rule If Approved DOES NOT Change Reporting Of Cash Payments.

The Bank Secrecy Act of 1970 (“BSA”) requires financial institutions in the United States to assist U.S. government agencies to detect and prevent money laundering. Specifically, the act requires financial institutions to keep records of cash purchases of negotiable instruments, and file reports of cash purchases of these negotiable instruments of more than $10,000 (daily aggregate amount), and to report suspicious activity that might signify money laundering, tax evasion, or other criminal activities. The BSA requires any business receiving one or more related cash payments totaling more than $10,000 to file IRS Form 8300, Report of Cash Payments Over $10,000 Received in a Trade or Business.

The minimum penalty for failing to file EACH Form 8300 is $25,000 if the failure is due to an intentional or willful disregard of the cash reporting requirements. Penalties may also be imposed for causing, or attempting to cause, a trade or business to fail to file a required report; for causing, or attempting to cause, a trade or business to file a required report containing a material omission or misstatement of fact; or for structuring, or attempting to structure, transactions to avoid the reporting requirements. These violations may also be subject to criminal prosecution which, upon conviction, may result in imprisonment of up to 5 years or fines of up to $250,000 for individuals and $500,000 for corporations or both.

Cannabis-related businesses operate in an environment of cash transactions as many banks remain reluctant to do business with many in the cannabis industry. Like any cash-based business the IRS scrutinizes the amount of gross receipts to report and it is harder to prove to the IRS expenses paid in cash. So it is of most importance that the proper facilities and procedures be set up to maintain an adequate system of books and records.

How Do You Know Which Cannabis Tax Attorney Is Best For You?

While the Federal government is still considering whether to reschedule cannabis, it is premature to file any amended income tax returns before the rule to reschedule has been finalized.  Given that cannabis is still illegal under existing Federal law you need to protect yourself and your cannabis business from all challenges created by the U.S. government.  Additionally, assuming that this new rule is approved – ONLY LICENSED cannabis operators can benefit. So it is best to be proactive and engage an experienced cannabis tax attorney in your area who is highly skilled in the different legal and tax issues that cannabis businesses face.  Let the cannabis tax attorneys of the Law Offices Of Jeffrey B. Kahn, P.C. located in Orange County (Irvine), the Inland Empire (Ontario and Palm Springs) and other California locations protect you and maximize your net profits.  And if you are involved in crypto currency, check out what a bitcoin tax attorney can do for you.

 

The prime benefits of reclassifying cannabis from a Schedule I substance to a Schedule III substance is that the Federal government would recognize medical benefits of cannabis, make Section 280E inapplicable to licensed cannabis operators, and open up financial and banking markets.

On August 11, 2025 President Donald Trump said his administration was “looking at reclassification” of cannabis and intends to make a decision in the upcoming weeks.  “It’s a very complicated subject base,” he said during a press briefing. “I’ve heard great things having to do with medical and bad things having to do with just about everything else.” His comments come after a Friday Wall Street Journal report indicated Trump was considering reclassifying the drug as less dangerous.  Trump did not indicate at the briefing whether he intends to reclassify the drug, just that his administration would consider it. Reclassifying marijuana as a Schedule III drug would reduce penalties without making it fully legal.

“As I have previously stated, I believe it is time to end needless arrests and incarcerations of adults for small amounts of marijuana for personal use,” Trump wrote on Truth Social. “We must also implement smart regulations, while providing access for adults, to safe, tested product.”  In the post, he indicated he would look into the medical uses of marijuana and the benefits of reducing its classification to Schedule III.

The Growing Trend In Legalizing Cannabis – Current Standings:

Medical marijuana is legal in 39 states and Washington DC

The medical use of cannabis is legal (with a doctor’s recommendation) in 39 states and Washington DC. Currently, the 39 states with medical marijuana legal include Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington and West Virginia. The medical use of cannabis is also legal in the territories of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam and Puerto Rico.

Recreational marijuana is legal in 23 states and Washington DC

Twenty-three states and Washington DC, have legalized marijuana for recreational use — no doctor’s letter required — for adults over the age of 21. Those 23 states being Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia and Washington and the territories of the Northern Mariana Islands and Guam.

Recreational marijuana is legal in 6 tribal nations.

Six Tribal nations have legalized marijuana for recreational use.  Those 6 tribes being the Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe (South Dakota), Oglala Lakota Sioux Tribe (South Dakota), Suquamish Tribe (Washington state), Squaxin Island Tribe (Washington State), Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (North Carolina) and St. Regis Mohawk Tribe (New York).

Proponents Of Cannabis Reclassification Argue That If Approved, Will Put Federal Law More In Line With State Laws.

Currently, under Federal law (Controlled Substances Act 21 U.S.C. 801) marijuana is designated as a Schedule I controlled substance due to the historical belief that it has a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use in treatment, and lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision.

Proponents Of Cannabis Reclassification Argue That If Approved, Will Result In A Tax Regime Similar To What Non-Cannabis Businesses Face.

Generally, businesses can deduct ordinary and necessary business expenses under I.R.C. §162. This includes wages, rent, supplies, etc. However, in 1982 Congress added I.R.C. §280E. Under §280E, taxpayers cannot deduct any amount for a trade or business where the trade or business consists of trafficking in controlled substances…which is currently prohibited by Federal law. Marijuana, including medical marijuana, is a controlled substance. What this means is that dispensaries and other businesses trafficking in marijuana have to report all of their income and cannot deduct rent, wages, and other expenses, making their marginal tax rate substantially higher than most other businesses.  Therefore, under current law, the Internal Revenue Code which treats businesses in the marijuana industry differently resulting in such business paying at least 3-times as much in taxes as ordinary businesses.

However, Even If Cannabis Reclassification Is Approved, DOES NOT Change Reporting Of Cash Payments.

The Bank Secrecy Act of 1970 (“BSA”) requires financial institutions in the United States to assist U.S. government agencies to detect and prevent money laundering. Specifically, the act requires financial institutions to keep records of cash purchases of negotiable instruments, and file reports of cash purchases of these negotiable instruments of more than $10,000 (daily aggregate amount), and to report suspicious activity that might signify money laundering, tax evasion, or other criminal activities. The BSA requires any business receiving one or more related cash payments totaling more than $10,000 to file IRS Form 8300, Report of Cash Payments Over $10,000 Received in a Trade or Business.

The minimum penalty for failing to file EACH Form 8300 is $25,000 if the failure is due to an intentional or willful disregard of the cash reporting requirements. Penalties may also be imposed for causing, or attempting to cause, a trade or business to fail to file a required report; for causing, or attempting to cause, a trade or business to file a required report containing a material omission or misstatement of fact; or for structuring, or attempting to structure, transactions to avoid the reporting requirements. These violations may also be subject to criminal prosecution which, upon conviction, may result in imprisonment of up to 5 years or fines of up to $250,000 for individuals and $500,000 for corporations or both.

Marijuana-related businesses operate in an environment of cash transactions as many banks remain reluctant to do business with many in the marijuana industry. Like any cash-based business the IRS scrutinizes the amount of gross receipts to report and it is harder to prove to the IRS expenses paid in cash. So it is of most importance that the proper facilities and procedures be set up to maintain an adequate system of books and records.

How Do You Know Which Cannabis Tax Attorney Is Best For You?

Given that cannabis is still illegal under existing Federal law you need to protect yourself and your marijuana business from all challenges created by the U.S. government so it is best to be proactive and engage an experienced cannabis tax attorney in your area who is highly skilled in the different legal and tax issues that cannabis businesses face.  Let the cannabis tax attorneys of the Law Offices Of Jeffrey B. Kahn, P.C. located in Orange County (Irvine), the Inland Empire (Ontario and Palm Springs) and other California locations protect you and maximize your net profits.  And if you are involved in crypto currency, check out what a bitcoin tax attorney can do for you.

 

On January 20, 2025 President Trump named Derek Maltz to take over as DEA administrator on an interim basis.  Since his previous retirement from the DEA, Maltz was working as head of government relations for a software company.   Maltz, whose 28-year DEA career included 10 years as special agent in charge of the agency’s Special Operations Division, assumes control from the agency’s previous chief, Anne Milgram.  During Milgram’s tenure the process to reclassify cannabis from a Schedule I substance to a Schedule III substance was started and is still going on.

The prime benefits of reclassifying cannabis from a Schedule I substance to a Schedule III substance is that the Federal government would recognize medical benefits of cannabis, make Section 280E inapplicable to licensed cannabis operators, and open up financial and banking markets.

Cannabis Rescheduling Hearing Indefinitely Stayed

On August 26, 2024 the Drug Enforcement Administration (“DEA”) released its notice scheduling a hearing for December 2, 2024 on its proposal to lower the classification of marijuana to the less-dangerous level of Schedule III.  DEA Administrator Anne Milgram said she would determine who will participate in the hearing and name a presiding officer to run the meeting.  If approved, the agency can then publish the final rule in the Federal Register.

John Mulrooney has been appointed as the Administrative Law Judge (ALJ).  On December 2, 2024 the DEA convened the initial hearing in the rescheduling process. The hearing was supposed to officially commence on January 21, 2025 and conclude during the first week of March; but on January 13, 2025 Mulrooney issued a ruling that included the cancellation of a hearing starting January 21^st pending the outcome of a yet-to-be-filed “interlocutory appeal” to the agency’s eventual successor administrator which will be appointed by President-elect Donald Trump after he takes the oath of office.

How We Got Here …

The Associated Press reported on April 30, 2024 that the Drug Enforcement Administration (“DEA”) will propose a rule to reschedule cannabis to Schedule III under the Controlled Substance Act. The proposed rule has since been reviewed by the Department Of Justice and on May 16, 2024 has been published in the Federal Register. This publication then opened the period of time to July 22, 2024 for the DEA to take public comment on the plan to move marijuana from its current classification as a Schedule I drug, alongside heroin and LSD. The proposed rule moves cannabis to Schedule III, alongside ketamine and some anabolic steroids, following a recommendation from the federal Health and Human Services Department. More than 40,000 people submitted comment with a vast majority indicating favor of the proposed rule reclassifying cannabis.  But when two pro-rescheduling “designated participants” [those two being Village Farms International, a Florida-based agricultural firm that produces cannabis in Canada under a federal license there, and Texas-based Hemp for Victory] were denied to participate in the hearing filed an appeal, Mulrooney ordered a stop on the upcoming hearing with no new date set.

How Maltz Can Impact Rescheduling?

Maltz previously reported to the Associated Press in May 2024 that “It’s crystal clear to me that the Justice Department hijacked the rescheduling process, placing politics above public safety. If there’s scientific evidence to support this decision, then so be it, but you’ve got to let the scientists evaluate it.”  There’s no clear timeline as to when or if Maltz might entertain the appeal that has temporarily halted the marijuana rescheduling process although in a September 2024 post on his Truth Social platform, Trump signaled support for rescheduling cannabis under the Controlled Substances Act, a process that former President Joe Biden launched in October 2022.

The Growing Trend In Legalizing Cannabis – Current Standings:

Medical marijuana is legal in 38 states and Washington DC, and soon to be 39 states with the passage of medical marijuana in Nebraska in the 2024 election

The medical use of cannabis is legal (with a doctor’s recommendation) in 38 states and Washington DC. Nebraska will soon be the 39^th state to legalize it with the recent passage of the medical marijuana measure in the 2024 election. Currently, the 38 states with medical marijuana legal include Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington and West Virginia. The medical use of cannabis is also legal in the territories of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam and Puerto Rico.

Recreational marijuana is legal in 23 states and Washington DC

Twenty-three states and Washington DC, have legalized marijuana for recreational use — no doctor’s letter required — for adults over the age of 21. Those 23 states being Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia and Washington and the territories of the Northern Mariana Islands and Guam.

Recreational marijuana is legal in 6 tribal nations.

Six Tribal nations have legalized marijuana for recreational use.  Those 6 tribes being the Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe (South Dakota), Oglala Lakota Sioux Tribe (South Dakota), Suquamish Tribe (Washington state), Squaxin Island Tribe (Washington State), Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (North Carolina) and St. Regis Mohawk Tribe (New York).

Proponents Of The New Rule Argue That If Approved, Will Put Federal Law More In Line With State Laws.

Currently, under Federal law (Controlled Substances Act 21 U.S.C. 801) marijuana is designated as a Schedule I controlled substance due to the historical belief that it has a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use in treatment, and lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision.

Proponents Of The New Rule Argue That If Approved, Will Result In A Tax Regime Similar To What Non-Cannabis Businesses Face.

Generally, businesses can deduct ordinary and necessary business expenses under I.R.C. §162. This includes wages, rent, supplies, etc. However, in 1982 Congress added I.R.C. §280E. Under §280E, taxpayers cannot deduct any amount for a trade or business where the trade or business consists of trafficking in controlled substances…which is currently prohibited by Federal law. Marijuana, including medical marijuana, is a controlled substance. What this means is that dispensaries and other businesses trafficking in marijuana have to report all of their income and cannot deduct rent, wages, and other expenses, making their marginal tax rate substantially higher than most other businesses.  Therefore, under current law, the Internal Revenue Code which treats businesses in the marijuana industry differently resulting in such business paying at least 3-times as much in taxes as ordinary businesses.

However, Even If The New Rule Is Approved, DOES NOT Change Reporting Of Cash Payments.

The Bank Secrecy Act of 1970 (“BSA”) requires financial institutions in the United States to assist U.S. government agencies to detect and prevent money laundering. Specifically, the act requires financial institutions to keep records of cash purchases of negotiable instruments, and file reports of cash purchases of these negotiable instruments of more than $10,000 (daily aggregate amount), and to report suspicious activity that might signify money laundering, tax evasion, or other criminal activities. The BSA requires any business receiving one or more related cash payments totaling more than $10,000 to file IRS Form 8300, Report of Cash Payments Over $10,000 Received in a Trade or Business.

The minimum penalty for failing to file EACH Form 8300 is $25,000 if the failure is due to an intentional or willful disregard of the cash reporting requirements. Penalties may also be imposed for causing, or attempting to cause, a trade or business to fail to file a required report; for causing, or attempting to cause, a trade or business to file a required report containing a material omission or misstatement of fact; or for structuring, or attempting to structure, transactions to avoid the reporting requirements. These violations may also be subject to criminal prosecution which, upon conviction, may result in imprisonment of up to 5 years or fines of up to $250,000 for individuals and $500,000 for corporations or both.

Marijuana-related businesses operate in an environment of cash transactions as many banks remain reluctant to do business with many in the marijuana industry. Like any cash-based business the IRS scrutinizes the amount of gross receipts to report and it is harder to prove to the IRS expenses paid in cash. So it is of most importance that the proper facilities and procedures be set up to maintain an adequate system of books and records.

So with all these potential benefits, what forces are present to block this proposed rule?

1. Administrative Judge Mulrooney rules against rescheduling or as he ended up doing, put an indefinite stay on the hearing proceedings. His replacement has the same authority.
2. Chevron Doctrine repealed by U.S. Supreme Court. The regulatory state has been in full force since, ironically, 1984, with the institution of the Chevron Doctrine. The Chevron Doctrine has required courts to defer to the expertise of administrative agencies when the legislative intent of an underlying law is ambiguous, which made it a cornerstone of how regulators and businesses interact. But on June 28, 2024, the Supreme Court’s Republican-appointed majority demolished the doctrine in its rulings in the Relentless v. Department of Commerce and Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo appeals, overturning the broad authority of the administrative state and raising fresh questions about how cannabis will be regulated moving forward. Keep in mind that rescheduling has been moving forward as a regulatory, rather than a legislative, change, and now, regulations do not hold the same force of law as they did since 1984. But even if the Chevron Doctrine was not repealed, the normal rule making process still faces certain congressional and judicial challenges explained further below.
3. Congressional Challenges. Under the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (also known as the Congressional Review Act), new final rules must be sent to Congress and the Government Accountability Office for review before they can take effect. “Major rules” (ones that are economically significant and require OIRA review) must be made effective at least 60 days after the date of publication in the Federal Register, allowing time for Congressional review. In emergency situations, a major rule can be made effective before 60 days. If the House and Senate pass a resolution of disapproval and the President signs it (or if both houses override a presidential veto), the rule becomes void and cannot be republished by an agency in the same form without Congressional approval. Since 1996, when this process started, Congress has disapproved only one rule. Congress may also exercise its oversight in other ways, by holding hearings and posing questions to agency heads, by enacting new legislation, or by imposing funding restrictions.
4. Judicial Challenges. Individuals and corporate entities may go into the courts to make a claim that they have been, or will be, damaged or adversely affected in some manner by a regulation. The reviewing court can consider whether a rule: is unconstitutional; goes beyond the agency’s legal authority; was made without following the notice-and-comment process required by the Administrative Procedure Act or other law; or was arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion. An agency head can also be sued for failing to act in a timely manner in certain cases. If a court sets aside (vacates) all or part of a rule, it usually sends the rule back to the agency to correct the deficiencies. The agency may have to reopen the comment period, publish a new statement of basis and purpose in the Federal Register to explain and justify its decisions, or re­start the rulemaking process from the beginning by issuing a new proposed rule.

The most certain way that cannabis can be legalized and thus be treated like any other lawful business is by Congress enacting legislation. 

Top Democratic senators, including Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-NY), continue to push the DEA to ‘promptly finalize” the rule to reschedule marijuana.  On August 2, 2024 Sen. Schumer, Sen. Cory Booker (D-NJ), Sen. Ron Wyden (D-OR) and others sent a letter to Attorney General Merrick Garland and DEA Administrator Anne Milgram imploring the administration to follow through on a proposal to move cannabis from Schedule I to Schedule III of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA), as the Justice Department formally proposed in May.  What is so surprising is that these legislators have the power to enact legislation completely bypassing the DEA’s rule-making authority and potential judicial challenges and send a bill to the President rescheduling cannabis or even excluding cannabis from the application of IRC Sec. 280E.

How Do You Know Which Cannabis Tax Attorney Is Best For You?

Given that cannabis is still illegal under existing Federal law you need to protect yourself and your marijuana business from all challenges created by the U.S. government so it is best to be proactive and engage an experienced cannabis tax attorney in your area who is highly skilled in the different legal and tax issues that cannabis businesses face.  Let the cannabis tax attorneys of the Law Offices Of Jeffrey B. Kahn, P.C. located in Orange County (Irvine), the Inland Empire (Ontario and Palm Springs) and other California locations protect you and maximize your net profits.  And if you are involved in crypto currency, check out what a bitcoin tax attorney can do for you.

The prime benefits of reclassifying cannabis from a Schedule 1 substance to a Schedule 3 substance is that the Federal government would recognize medical benefits of cannabis, make Section 280E inapplicable to licensed cannabis operators, and open up financial and banking markets.

On August 26, 2024 the Drug Enforcement Administration (“DEA”) released its notice scheduling a hearing for December 2, 2024 on its proposal to lower the classification of marijuana to the less-dangerous level of Schedule 3.  DEA Administrator Anne Milgram said she would determine who will participate in the hearing and name a presiding officer to run the meeting.  If approved, the agency can then publish the final rule in the Federal Register.

John Mulrooney has been appointed as the Administrative Law Judge (ALJ).  On December 2, 2024 the DEA convened the initial hearing in the rescheduling process. The hearing will officially commence on January 21, 2025 and conclude during the first week of March.  Mulrooney has stipulated that each Designated Participant (DP) may present one witness that can testify for 90 minutes maximum.  OF course we will keep you updated on these important proceedings.

How We Got Here …

The Associated Press reported on April 30, 2024 that the Drug Enforcement Administration (“DEA”) will propose a rule to reschedule cannabis to Schedule III under the Controlled Substance Act. The proposed rule has since been reviewed by the Department Of Justice and on May 16, 2024 has been published in the Federal Register. This publication then opened the period of time to July 22, 2024 for the DEA to take public comment on the plan to move marijuana from its current classification as a Schedule I drug, alongside heroin and LSD. The proposed rule moves cannabis to Schedule III, alongside ketamine and some anabolic steroids, following a recommendation from the federal Health and Human Services Department. More than 40,000 people submitted comment with a vast majority indicating favor of the proposed rule reclassifying cannabis.

The Growing Trend In Legalizing Cannabis – Current Standings:

Medical marijuana is legal in 38 states and Washington DC, and soon to be 39 states with the passage of medical marijuana in Nebraska in the 2024 election

The medical use of cannabis is legal (with a doctor’s recommendation) in 38 states and Washington DC. Nebraska will soon be the 39^th state to legalize it with the recent passage of the medical marijuana measure in the 2024 election. Currently, the 38 states with medical marijuana legal include Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington and West Virginia. The medical use of cannabis is also legal in the territories of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam and Puerto Rico.

Recreational marijuana is legal in 23 states and Washington DC

Twenty-three states and Washington DC, have legalized marijuana for recreational use — no doctor’s letter required — for adults over the age of 21. Those 23 states being Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia and Washington and the territories of the Northern Mariana Islands and Guam.

Recreational marijuana is legal in 6 tribal nations.

Six Tribal nations have legalized marijuana for recreational use.  Those 6 tribes being the Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe (South Dakota), Oglala Lakota Sioux Tribe (South Dakota), Suquamish Tribe (Washington state), Squaxin Island Tribe (Washington State), Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (North Carolina) and St. Regis Mohawk Tribe (New York).

The New Rule If Approved Will Put Federal Law More In Line With State Laws.

Currently, under Federal law (Controlled Substances Act 21 U.S.C. 801) marijuana is designated as a Schedule I controlled substance due to the historical belief that it has a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use in treatment, and lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision.

The New Rule If Approved Will Result In A Tax Regime Similar To What Non-Cannabis Businesses Face.

Generally, businesses can deduct ordinary and necessary business expenses under I.R.C. §162. This includes wages, rent, supplies, etc. However, in 1982 Congress added I.R.C. §280E. Under §280E, taxpayers cannot deduct any amount for a trade or business where the trade or business consists of trafficking in controlled substances…which is currently prohibited by Federal law. Marijuana, including medical marijuana, is a controlled substance. What this means is that dispensaries and other businesses trafficking in marijuana have to report all of their income and cannot deduct rent, wages, and other expenses, making their marginal tax rate substantially higher than most other businesses.  Therefore, under current law, the Internal Revenue Code which treats businesses in the marijuana industry differently resulting in such business paying at least 3-times as much in taxes as ordinary businesses.

The New Rule If Approved DOES NOT Change Reporting Of Cash Payments.

The Bank Secrecy Act of 1970 (“BSA”) requires financial institutions in the United States to assist U.S. government agencies to detect and prevent money laundering. Specifically, the act requires financial institutions to keep records of cash purchases of negotiable instruments, and file reports of cash purchases of these negotiable instruments of more than $10,000 (daily aggregate amount), and to report suspicious activity that might signify money laundering, tax evasion, or other criminal activities. The BSA requires any business receiving one or more related cash payments totaling more than $10,000 to file IRS Form 8300, Report of Cash Payments Over $10,000 Received in a Trade or Business.

The minimum penalty for failing to file EACH Form 8300 is $25,000 if the failure is due to an intentional or willful disregard of the cash reporting requirements. Penalties may also be imposed for causing, or attempting to cause, a trade or business to fail to file a required report; for causing, or attempting to cause, a trade or business to file a required report containing a material omission or misstatement of fact; or for structuring, or attempting to structure, transactions to avoid the reporting requirements. These violations may also be subject to criminal prosecution which, upon conviction, may result in imprisonment of up to 5 years or fines of up to $250,000 for individuals and $500,000 for corporations or both.

Marijuana-related businesses operate in an environment of cash transactions as many banks remain reluctant to do business with many in the marijuana industry. Like any cash-based business the IRS scrutinizes the amount of gross receipts to report and it is harder to prove to the IRS expenses paid in cash. So it is of most importance that the proper facilities and procedures be set up to maintain an adequate system of books and records.

So with all these potential benefits, what forces are present to block this proposed rule?

1. Chevron Doctrine repealed by U.S. Supreme Court. The regulatory state has been in full force since, ironically, 1984, with the institution of the Chevron Doctrine. The Chevron Doctrine has required courts to defer to the expertise of administrative agencies when the legislative intent of an underlying law is ambiguous, which made it a cornerstone of how regulators and businesses interact. But on June 28, 2024, the Supreme Court’s Republican-appointed majority demolished the doctrine in its rulings in the Relentless v. Department of Commerce and Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo appeals, overturning the broad authority of the administrative state and raising fresh questions about how cannabis will be regulated moving forward. Keep in mind that rescheduling has been moving forward as a regulatory, rather than a legislative, change, and now, regulations do not hold the same force of law as they did since 1984. But even if the Chevron Doctrine was not repealed, the normal rule making process still faces certain congressional and judicial challenges explained further below.
2. Congressional Challenges. Under the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (also known as the Congressional Review Act), new final rules must be sent to Congress and the Government Accountability Office for review before they can take effect. “Major rules” (ones that are economically significant and require OIRA review) must be made effective at least 60 days after the date of publication in the Federal Register, allowing time for Congressional review. In emergency situations, a major rule can be made effective before 60 days. If the House and Senate pass a resolution of disapproval and the President signs it (or if both houses override a presidential veto), the rule becomes void and cannot be republished by an agency in the same form without Congressional approval. Since 1996, when this process started, Congress has disapproved only one rule. Congress may also exercise its oversight in other ways, by holding hearings and posing questions to agency heads, by enacting new legislation, or by imposing funding restrictions.
3. Judicial Challenges. Individuals and corporate entities may go into the courts to make a claim that they have been, or will be, damaged or adversely affected in some manner by a regulation. The reviewing court can consider whether a rule: is unconstitutional; goes beyond the agency’s legal authority; was made without following the notice-and-comment process required by the Administrative Procedure Act or other law; or was arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion. An agency head can also be sued for failing to act in a timely manner in certain cases. If a court sets aside (vacates) all or part of a rule, it usually sends the rule back to the agency to correct the deficiencies. The agency may have to reopen the comment period, publish a new statement of basis and purpose in the Federal Register to explain and justify its decisions, or re­start the rulemaking process from the beginning by issuing a new proposed rule.

The most certain way that cannabis can be legalized and thus be treated like any other lawful business is by Congress enacting legislation. 

Top Democratic senators, including Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-NY), continue to push the DEA to ‘promptly finalize” the rule to reschedule marijuana.  On August 2, 2024 Sen. Schumer, Sen. Cory Booker (D-NJ), Sen. Ron Wyden (D-OR) and others sent a letter to Attorney General Merrick Garland and DEA Administrator Anne Milgram imploring the administration to follow through on a proposal to move cannabis from Schedule I to Schedule III of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA), as the Justice Department formally proposed in May.  What is so surprising is that these legislators have the power to enact legislation completely bypassing the DEA’s rule-making authority and potential judicial challenges and send a bill to the President rescheduling cannabis or even excluding cannabis from the application of IRC Sec. 280E.

How Do You Know Which Cannabis Tax Attorney Is Best For You?

Given that cannabis is still illegal under existing Federal law you need to protect yourself and your marijuana business from all challenges created by the U.S. government so it is best to be proactive and engage an experienced cannabis tax attorney in your area who is highly skilled in the different legal and tax issues that cannabis businesses face.  Let the cannabis tax attorneys of the Law Offices Of Jeffrey B. Kahn, P.C. located in Orange County (Irvine), the Inland Empire (Ontario and Palm Springs) and other California locations protect you and maximize your net profits.  And if you are involved in crypto currency, check out what a bitcoin tax attorney can do for you.